Printmaking Fine Arts (Wood Cut)

Woodcut or xylography is the technique of relief printing in printmaking arts, where images carved on the surface of wooden boards, with parts to be printed remain parallel to the surface while the part that can not be printed or carved with a engraving knife/ chisel. The part where cut with a knife or chisel the results to be "white" (color of paper or other material), which are uncut part keep abreast with the original surface, the result being "black" (color ink). Art cukil wood called "woodcut" ("xylography") but this word is rarely used in English.

Phenomena of "Onthel Yogyakarta"

In addition to student city earned the nickname, Yogyakarta was famous as a city bike. The nickname was once glorious about the era of the '60s, which at the time of the children until the parents of both women and men of all classes biking toward the final stop of each. They call up "pit onthel".

"pit onthel" means to ride a bicycle pedal. "Pit" derives from the Dutch language "fiets" which is the designation for the bike. "Fiets" was first entered Indonesia in the early 20th century or around 1910 which was brought by the Dutch colonial people from his country. But while in Java, and Java was fluent tongue to say the word, then "fiets" melt into the "pit". While "onthel" itself in the Dutch language means pedaling.

Ride the "pit onthel" has become a romantic who wants to try to repeat history again by a number of citizens who called themselves Jogja the "onthelis". What makes "ngepit onthel" no longer just as the need for transportation, but as a recreational needs.

The Bike itself was first produced in the country of France in 1791 and is made of wood. Then in 1817 Baron von Drais de Sauerbronn make wooden bike without pedals first. Von Drais bike creation is called Hobby Horse (horse bike). New in 1839 bicycles with pedals, was first used. However, because the front wheel is bigger than the back, then to drive it requires acrobatic skills. Only then, using a bicycle wheel with the same size front and rear as we use today widely known.

Evolution of the bicycle of the hobby-horse of 1818 to the present day, through the large bi-circa 1870

Aesthetics in Photography Aesthetics (Finish)

Ideational Meaning 

Ideational level of discourse photography evolved from human consciousness as a perfect creature that has a reason as well as the talents to reverse nature environment in his life. The problem was to be a strong reason to allow still survive and create various works of technology for life as a sign of its existence in the world. In the context of photography, it seems that how humans addressing every natural phenomenon (natural phenomenon), to find something to break and reveal through the concepts, theories, and discourse to formulations about photography. Through basic, enhanced and expanded by later generations as a continuous string of chronicles about the various events that have historical value.

The initial idea was originally used photography as a tool to draw, implying the origin of the camera obscura which evolved into a modern tool that stands alone and then as an artistic entity in the discourse of visual arts 2D. The function of photography and further development as a medium of preservation of natural phenomena that have reproductive value representations that are considered revolutionary with reliable accuracy. However, its presence spent centuries in the context of innovation that also involves a variety of disciplines machine technology, chemistry, physics, and creative implementation involving aesthetic value. The process is still ongoing to this day with new innovations like that are considered cutting-edge visual presence of still or motion, through analogue and digital formats. Photography became a place to work out the creative for photographers who want to slit her at once to convey the message according to his personal style through the work of photography. The technique of expression through the frame of angle about the point of view is the process to deliver the message in accordance with its purpose. It was as a photographer today, every photographer attempted to have the identity of each according to his craft.

Luna Maya
by Darwis Triadi

Included in it, the identity of the zeitgeist appears according the demands of the times. Identity as well as the expertise of each can be seen as the Henri Cartier Bresson with the concept of a decisive moment aesthetic give priority to the aesthetic beauty of the value of the spontaneity of an event. As it is published from Graham Clarke in his statement that discusses the concept of a decisive moment of Henri Cartier Bresson; ' In photographic terms, it seeks the moment for a particular subject, not just in terms of its appearance at the moment, but in relation to its meaning within the context of ' (Graham Clarke, 1997: 207), or Darwis Triadi with elegance photographic models oriented luxury and exclusive to supporters of the visual of a promotion/advertisement of commercial products.

All the photographers tried to package the work of photography using the concepts and brilliant ideas are supported with a variety of touch and refined aesthetic with a bandage on the historical ability of the established ideas, the selection of objects, or creative tricks to support them. Like the statement '... there is one quality the which all arts must posses, and That is what is termed the personal touch (Trachtenberg, 1980:135)'.

Technical Level

Definition of the aesthetic of photography is also affected by technical problems, the technical aspects on the equipment as well as practical-implementation in utilization and its use to get results of photography that will be delivered.  As for the technical problems are its variants include the process of shooting techniques, Darkroom processes associated with the wash-print, and the appearance/packaging photography results according to your needs. On the technique of shooting prevalent empowered, for example the utilization of the aperture of diaphragm to obtain the sharpness of images that are generally referred to as depth of field or exploration camera speed or commonly known with the f-stop, i.e. the game speed settings the camera shutter leaves opening for the entry of light shadows the picture to the cliche on analog camera/celluloid, and CCD/CMOS sensor in a digital camera.

The results of the exploration of speed was obtained in the form of action, namely the technique effects of motion such as the impression of motion (slow action/slow motion), cessation of motion (stop action), or the impression flick (panning). The exploration of a narrow area of sharpness (depth of field/d.o.f narrow for instance) results in images that are captured by the camera will form a memorable images spatially as well as the visual reality with eyes at the sight of something. The main object will look most focus/sharp/clear (focus), and other objects look blurry background/that foreground-/ unfocused (out of focus). That's called aesthetics in technical, that saw the impression according to your needs through the utilization of instrumentation or apparatus that is on the camera photography.

There are many other tricks that are related to technical problems in the process of shooting to produce a wide variety of images to achieve an aesthetic value. Utilization point of observation / viewing (angle) intends to convey a certain impression of the unique photographs; birds / frog 's eye view angel, aerial photography, underwater / marine photographs, geographic photography, photography research, advertising photography, and other tricks. Includes technical game in the lighting / light manufacturing, light exposure, including available light that gives the impression of natural, artificial light, artificial lighting or the direction of the light direction, light (top light, bottom light, side light, front light, back light, bounce light, bracketing , rim light). In fact, until the use of lighting tricks to get the impression that minimal light to reach the artistic value with the use bulb mode on the camera menu.

Shooting techniques are also associated with various technical devices and types. Selection of photographic camera (Single Lens Reflex-SLR, TLR, Twin Lens Reflex, Box Camera, View Camera, Instamatic Camera, Folding Camera, etc.), must also be combined with various types of lens (normal-lens, tele-lens, zoom-lens , wide-angle lens, fisheye-lens, etc.) and a variety of filters which all use variations presented to achieve the visual impression in achieving a diverse artistic value. Technically, the image is known the term shot Close Up / CU, Medium Close Up / MCU, Long Shoot, Zooming, etc.. All the technical utilization is keyed to the function and purpose of each, which all have weight aesthetics. In other words, although the available equipment is complete and adequate and sophisticated, is still required operators who have technical talent with an adequate aesthetic sensibility is like the 'man behind the gun' when implemented in practice all the tools in creating photographic images.

SUMMARY

The explanation can be concluded that the presence of the world of photography from manual to digital is a long discourse in its evolution. While the digital photography revolution is also not necessarily be directly from the analog world of photography, but the presence of such ease in the era of digital photography can be an alternative to applied in achieving aesthetic values.
Photography has various benefits and good cause for documentation, research, and as the media in the realm of aesthetics. However, needs to be underlined in the world of photography is the process of its application to achieve aesthetic vocabulary, there are two first landscape aesthetic discourse, on the concept of the idea, the aesthetic value that is associated with the idea/idea. Second, the excavation of aesthetics in technical, aesthetic value digs through the technique of shooting.

REFERENCES

Alan Trachtenberg, ed. 1980. Classic Essays on Photography, New Haven, Connecticut Leete s Island Book, Inc.                            
Alfred Stieglitz. 1980. Pictorial Photography, in Photography: Essays and Image, ed. Beaumont Newhall. New York: The Museum of Modern Art.
Graham Clarke. 1997. The Photograph, Oxford History of an Art, Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.
Joseph Pennel. 1981. Is Photography Among the Fine Arts?, in Photography in Print, ed. Vicky Goldberg, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Peter Turner. 1987. History of Photography, New York: Bison Book Corp.
Rosenblum, Naomi. 1984. A World History of Photography. New York: Abbeville Press.
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi_digital"

Aesthetics in Photography Aesthetics (part 2)

Visual Arts Entities

In general, aesthetic understanding of visual art that relates to the image of the emission values ​​are beautiful, reflected in the overall figure of art work and gives the impression of a certain quality. The emergence of photography as a form of visual art two-dimensional (2D) makes a new repertoire diversity of visual art. In the early presence of visual arts new media had a chance to make the art world in his time expressed sarcastically by the French painter De la Roche that from today painting is dead (Turner, 1987:16). This view is a more reasonable attitude of concern because the presence of photography in engineering technology is relatively more rapid and practical in the process of producing his work and has a value higher reproduction accuracy and flexibility offered by enlarging the size of which is considered more superior when compared with the form of fine arts / visual other.

Visual art is relatively new that it brings unique characteristics. Early in its life had not recognized its presence as a work of art because the phenomenon of processes that are rated more nuanced mechanical does not require the skills, expertise, and high Science in creating her work, "that photography was merely mechanical and did not require the training that art did" (Pennel1981: 210) and the process of its creation is not entirely made with human hands "because photography is not hand-work" (Alfred Stieglitz, 1980: 163).

The aesthetics of Photography 

Photography as one of the domains of visual art is inseparable from the values and the rules applicable, i.e. the aesthetics of each genre has a vocabulary of aesthetic value and then photography with partial genre also inseparable also with its aesthetic vocabulary. Any form of work derived from another have the purpose of photography is not as well as the concept of creation that starts from the basic idea that developed into the implementation of the practical with the support of equipment and techniques expressed through visual language. Further, through experimentation and exploration of target viewfinder (expose) as well as the process until be the subject (subject matter) photographic work.

Is possible if the object is used as the subject (subject matter) needs to be taken repeatedly as an alternative to the experimentation of different angles (angle) and the variant form of the lens optics as well as treatment advocates exploration of adequate lighting (lighting exposure). Supported with sensitivity and skill to play existing instrumentation facilities and equipment in the camera, the goal is none other than achieving a variety of alternative variants of the view that have aesthetic value so that the view generated photography in accordance with the expected demand. Of course, the problem is closely related to issues such ideas level concept to the ideas generated photography and level of technical aspects of the game in technical to realize those ideas.

Aesthetics in Photography Aesthetics (part 1)

Photography is an entity in the domain of visual arts the existence of which relates to values and principles pertinent to aesthetics. In line with the belief that each genre has typical aesthetic values and terms, photography with its partial genre also bears the same phenomenon. Each work of photography corresponds to a particular set of goals and emanates from specific creative concepts rooted in basic ideas which then emerge in the praxis of implementation. This praxis is made possible with the support of photographical tools and expressive techniques of visual language. This notion links closely to the ideational photographic concepts and technical consideration for the manifestation of aesthetic values.

Leonardo da Vinci was a brilliant idea or Aristotle was not in vain after mewacanakan principles of light and shadow from natural phenomena as the initial discovery of photography technology. The term photography taken from the Greek word for drawing with light, gradually developed until the present technology, a sophisticated world of photography. The development of photographic technology that originated from the camera dark room (dark room) which in Latin is called obcura without stopping perfected. Completion of the first practical photographic discovery of a camera obscura by Joseph Niepce in France Nicéphore 1826, photographic print technology on metals by Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre in France in 1787-1851, the discovery of the chemical formula for negative film processing materials by William Henry Fox Talbot in England years 1800-1877, until the first experimental color photographs by JC Maxwell in 1861, who creates a color photo of a synthetic tartan ribbon through the ribbon through the merger of the red filter, green, and blue (RGB color technology), which is now known as negative film, commonly called cliches (Rosenblum, 1984:25).

The Open Door
Lacock Abbey, England, 1840
William Henry Fox Talbot

Through the three principles, namely light, optical, and chemical (light, optics, and chemistry), the photographic process to work optimally. Light or light, is the primary condition workings of principle photography, without light can not be something the object can be seen by the eye. Optics is defined as a series of lens system is a means to capture the object seen by the eye. Then, the chemistry in the world of photography is defined as a chemical process to create an image or printing process / wash-print film / print processing.

Approximately half a century after one developed and introduced the world of photography would provide a significant contribution to the movement of modern human culture throughout the 20th century. World of photography is a revolution in the way humans view to translate something through a visual language (the way of vision). Photography is not just to create imagery that is so accurate, detailed, and objective reality in appreciate. However, photography is an increasingly widespread impact. Each of the photographic image can be multiplied without limit according to the needs and desires through print on demand. Along with the development of mechanical reproduction is increasingly sophisticated, increasingly widespread dissemination of photographic images and more free. Photography as a medium for art (aesthetics) and functional that can reach various layers of society, such as mass media and publishing book publishing.

Photography became a new icon of modern culture in the global sphere: democratizing the world of images (such as before the presence of photographic technology, visual arts / painting can only be owned by a particular class in the hierarchy of society). Photography has an objective nature, making photographic images as a pillar to uncover the truth in various disciplines such as social, political, art, science, and technology. Realm of photography as well as in the development of film, video, and television (cinematography), which is an information system for all the mystery man, until this most hidden is not visible to the eye. Various kinds of problems can be observed, analyzed, studied, and revealed. Photography for the modern man is the source of knowledge which is the source of the power of modern culture.

Photography produce a new grammar of visual language, and most importantly is the ability to form a new ethical perspective to a reality. Her presence is everywhere (omnipresence) has been perceived and settle in the mind of every modern man as an anthology of images-images. The expression of one of the writers who think that photography in the era of mechanical reproduction has resulted in the museum without walls imaginary. Photography has been merged in the experience mentally as reconstruction. When the exorcism of primitive society (exorcism) with the mask-mask, a mirror of bourgeois society, then modern humans have photography. Photography for the modern society means a powerful talisman to uncover the truth of a fact.

Dua Seni Rupa: The Compilation of Sanento Yuliman Papers

About the Author 

In his childhood, Sanento Yuliman ever aspire to be president. ''But, then, that's not attractive anymore. For some reason,''said the artist who in 1966-1975, with Jim Supangkat and Hardi, appears as the originator of New Art''Indonesia''. He is also known as a writer, art critic, and lecturer remains the Fine Arts Department of ITB.

His artistic talent has been seen since in elementary school, and the talent was soon guided his father, the late RS Hadiwardoyo, who during his lifetime became governor in Majenang. ''I was in elementary school drawing lessons are always the best,''said Sanento. Also began to develop his literary talent since in elementary school, through books borrowed in the Public Library Cultural and Education in Yogyakarta. He began writing in junior high school class I, and contained in the sheet teen My friends, Daily People's Sovereignty in the same city.

After finishing college at the Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), 1968, the former chief editor of the weekly Students Indonesia, Bandung, this is going to Paris. There, in 1981, he took his doctorate at the College of Social Sciences with a dissertation titled Genese de la Feinture Indonesienne Contemporaire: Le Role de S. Sudjojono. Long hair to cover the ears, beard and mustache, Sanento showing modest figure. His journey to France as no impression on his local habit. Through his writings in Self magazine, July 1985, for example, he criticized the architecture in Indonesia to use the AC. ''Why did the architects do not respect nature, to make the room comfortable enough for us, the tropics?''He wrote.

In addition to busy to teach, the father of a child likes to explore these areas in Indonesia. From the observation that,''I dare say that the Indonesian Fine Arts has existed on Indonesian soil since the development of civilization in this country.''
Occasionally he wrote in the mass media. Together with Jim Supangkat, he wrote a book G. Sidhartha Fine Arts in Middle Indonesia, PT Gramedia, 1982. This book contains a collection of writings that respond Sanento Yuliman in Indonesian art world. Although published in January 2001, paper weights and materials delivered still warm and the actual. The preparation of the book is very interesting and able to lead the reader in a situation when there is the writing process conditions.

Dua Seni Rupa: Sepilihan Tulisan Sanento Yuliman

Judul              Dua Seni Rupa: Sepilihan Tulisan Sanento Yuliman
Penulis           Sanento Yuliman
Editor             Asikin Hasan
Halaman        321
Penerbit         Yayasan Kalam
Diterbitkan    Januari 2001

Warming Up

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